INTRODUCTION:

Water is important for living organisms for their life. From the time it is believe that primeval species developed from the oceans to live on land, a major factor to survival it helps in the prevention of dehydration. Without water, humans can survive only for few days. There are many unanswered questions about water which is most essential component of our body and our diet.

Recent statements on water requirements have been based on retrospective recall of water intake from food and beverages among healthy, noninstitutionalized individuals for their well being.

Here are the some examples of water intake assessment in populations to clarify the need for experimental studies. Beyond these circumstances of dehydration, it is not fully cleared or understood that how hydration affects health and well-being, and the impact of water intakes on chronic diseases.¹

Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, mostly in seas and oceans (about 96.5%). Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.^[2]And water contains different types of heavy metals which have serious side effects or that affects directly on human health and well being individual. It will cause serious affects like Neurotoxicity, Genotoxicity, Reproductive and developmental, toxicity, Carcinogenecity, Hepatotoxicity, Immunological toxicity, Skin toxicity, Cardiovascular toxicity.

Water contain different types of heavy metals like Mercury (Hg) obtained from Chloral-alkali plants, thermal power plants, fluorescent lamps, hospital waste (damaged thermometers, barometers, sphygmomanometers), electrical appliances etc. Chromium (Cr) obtained from Mining, industrial coolants, chromium salts manufacturing, leather. Lead (Pb) obtained from lead acid batteries, paints, E-waste, smelting operations, coal- based thermal power plants, ceramics, bangle industry.

And other metals like Arsenic (As) Copper (Cu) Nickel (Ni) which obtained from Geogenic/natural processes, smelting operations, and thermal power plants. Mining, electroplating, smelting operations. Smelting operations, thermal power plants, battery industry.^3,4

Study Area - Description of lakes:

Lakes of H.P.: The state of Himachal Pradesh it contains 27 natural lakes which cover an area of 15 hectares and 5 man-made lakes covering an area of 712 hectares. They are spread over an altitude range of 450 to 5093mtrs. 1% mass of Himachal is form of water-lake and rivers and glaciers, of the lakes, some are natural that date back millions of years to the time when the region was a vast inland sea and in present, they are fed by streams of pure snow melt or by ground water springs. Practically without exception, they are held sacred or at the very least, have fascinating legends lapping their crystal clear waters. Others lakes are far more recent and are made reservoirs. Many are sources of the rivers that start as tiny streams and grow to become the giants that feed the fertile valleys of the state and the genetic plains of worth India. Several are act as home to a variety of resident and migratory birds, and a host of aquatic life. These waterbodies have also opened a wide range of activities and adventure that includes boating, swimming, canoeing, and water-skating, kayaking, sailing, surfing and fishing.⁵

Govind Sagar Lake:

Gobind Sagar Lake is a man-made reservoir situated in Bilaspur District of Himachal Pradesh. The lake is named in honour of Guru Govind Singh, the tenth and last guru of Sikhs. Govind Sagar Lake over the Sutlej River is a huge reservoir and is the result of Bhakra Nangal Dam, the world’s second highest gravity dam. It is a major landmark of Bilaspur District. It covers an area of 170sq km and its length extends up to 90 km.^[6]

METHODOLOGY & RESEARCH:

LIMIT TEST:

It is defined as quantitative and qualitative test design to identify and control small quantity of impurity which is likely to be present in the substance.

· It is done to determine inorganic impurities in a compound.

· Limit test for Cl, SO₄¬2-, Fe, Pb and heavy metals are carried out in Nessler cylinder (they are made up of borosilicate glass, i.e.- colorless).^7-13

LIMIT TEST FOR CHLORIDES:

Requirements:

Chemicals: NaCl, Dilute HNO₃. 0.1M AgNO₃, Distilled water

Apparatus: Beaker, Volumetric flasks, Measuring cylinders. Nessler cylinder, Pipettes, Glass rod, Weighing balance.

Procedure:

1. Preparation of 0.1M AgNO₃:

· Take 4.2g of AgNO₃ in beaker and makeup to 250 ml with distilled water.

· Molarity-Moles of solute/liters solution

0.1x 169.87 x 250/1000=4.24g

2. Preparation of dilute HNO₃:

· Std. Solution of HNO₃’16M/16N

· Dilute HNO₃ 5M/5N in distilled water (as per required)

· Molarity=M₁V₁=M₂V₂

16M x V1=5Mx100

V₁5M x 100/16=31.25ml conc. HNO₃in 100ml distilled water.

3. Preparation of standard solution: Take 25ppm NaCl solution in 10ml distilled water. Transfer in Nessler cylinder. Now add 10ml dil. HNO₃ solution and makeup with distilled water upto50ml.Add 1ml 0.1M AgNO₃ solution. Stir with glass rod. Set aside for 5min. Compare the opalescence of sample with standard solution.

4. Preparation of test 1 solution: Take 10ml test sample in Nessler cylinder. Now add 10ml dil. HNO₃ solution. And make up to 50ml with distilled water. Now add 1ml 0.1M AgNO₃ solution into it. Stir with glass rod and set aside for 5min. Compare the opalescence of sample test with standard solution.

5. Preparation of test 2 solution: Take 1ml test sample and 9ml distilled water in Nessler cylinder. Now add 10ml dil. HNO₃ solution and make up to 50ml with distilled water. Now add 1ml 0.1M AgNO₃ solution into it. Stir with glass rod and set aside for 5 min. Compare the opalescence of sample test with standard solution.^14-16

Observation:

Chloride present in lesser amount as compare to standard solution but within the limit.

LIMIT TEST FOR SULPHATES:

Requirements:

Chemicals: BaCl₂, Dilute HCl, K₂SO₄, Distilled water

Apparatus: Beaker, Volumetric flasks, Measuring cylinders. Nessler cylinder, Pipettes, Glass rod, Weighing balance.

Procedure:

Preparation of 15% BaCl₂ Solution: - Take 15g of BaCl₂ in 100ml volumetric flask and make up to 100ml with distilled water.

1. Preparation of dilute HCl: Take 10ml of conc. HCl in volumetric flask and make up to 100ml with distilled water (10%/10:1)

2. Preparation of 0.189%/0.2%w/v sulphate solution: Take 0.2g of potassium sulphate (K₂SO₄) in 100ml volumetric flask and dissolve in 100ml distilled water.

3. Preparation of standard sulphate standard solution: Take 1ml of 0.18%/0.2% w/vK₂SO₄ in Nessler cylinder. Now add 2ml of dilute HCl in it. Make up to the volume 45ml with distilled water. Now add 15% BaCl₂ solution and allow to stand for 5min. White turbid precipitates produced.

4. Preparation of standard sulphate test solution: Take 1ml of test sample in Nessler cylinder. Now add 2ml of dilute HCl in it. Make up to the volume 45ml with distilled water. Now add 15% BaCl₂ solution. Stir and allow to stand for 5min. White turbid precipitates produced.

5. Preparation of 5m acetic acid: Take 15.013ml of acetic acid in 50ml volumetric flask and make up to 50ml with distilled water.

6. Preparation of ethanolic sulphate 10ppm solution:

· Preparation of 0.189%/0.2%w/v sulphate solution: Take 0.2g of potassium sulphate (K₂SO₄) in 100ml volumetric flask and dissolve in 100ml distilled water.

· Preparation on 30%ethanole solution: Take 30ml ethanol in volumetric flask and make up to 100ml with distilled water.

· Preparation of ethanolic sulphate solution: Take 1ml of 0.18%w/v of prepared sulphate solution in volumetric flask and make up the volume up to 100ml with 30% ethanol solution. ^[14-19]

Observation:

Sulphate present in lesser amount as compare to standard solution but within the limit.

LIMIT TEST FOR IRON:

Requirements:

Chemicals: Ferric ammonium sulphate, 20%wt/v iron free citric acid. Iron free ammonia. Thioglycolic acid, Distilled water.

Apparatus: Beaker, Volumetric flasks, Measuring cylinders. Nessler cylinder, Pipettes, Glass rod, Weighing balance.

Procedure:

· Preparation of 20% w/v iron free citric acid:

Take 20g of citric acid in 100ml distilled water.

· Preparation of standard iron solution: Weigh accurately ferric ammonium sulphate (0.18g) and dissolve in 10ml solution of 0.1N H₂SO₄and add sufficient water to produce 1000ml. Each ml of this contains 0.02mg of Fe. Take two 50ml Nessler’s cylinders. Label one as Test and the other as Standard.

· Preparation of standard compound: Dilute 2ml standard iron solution and add 40ml distilled water in Nessler cylinder. Now add 2ml 20%w/v iron free citric acid. Now add 0.1ml thioglycolic acid. Stir with glass rod and add ammonia solution to make it alkaline. Now dilute up to 50ml with distilled water. Allow to stand for 5 minutes. Compare the purple color of test solution with standard solution.

· Preparation of test solution: Take 2ml of test sample and add 40ml distilled water in Nessler cylinder. Now add 2ml 20% w/v iron free citric acid. Now add 0.1ml thioglycolic acid. Stir with glass rod and add ammonia solution to make it alkaline. Now dilute up to 50ml with distilled water. Allow to stand for 5 minutes. Compare the purple color of test solution with standard solution.

· Preparation of standard solution: Take 2ml of 20ppm ferric ammonium sulphate solution and add 40ml distilled water in Nessler cylinder. Now add 2ml 20%w/v iron free citric acid. Now add 0.1ml thioglycolic acid. Stir with glass rod and add ammonia solution to make it alkaline. Now dilute up to 50ml with distilled water. Allow to stand for 5 minutes. Compare the purple color of test solution with standard solution.

· Preparation of test solution: Take 2ml of test sample and add 40ml distilled water in Nessler cylinder. Now add 2ml 20%w/v iron free citric acid. Now add 0.1ml thioglycolic acid. Stir with glass rod and add ammonia solution to make it alkaline. Now dilute up to 50ml with distilled water. Allow to stand for 5 minutes. Compare the purple color of test solution with standard solution.^14-19

Observation:

The amount of iron is present in high amount.

RESULT:

Limit test for Govind sagar water sample performed and it is found that Chlorides, Sulphates and Iron is present in the sample. Chloride and Sulphates are present in minute amount. But Iron is present in high amount as compared to standard solutions.

CONCLUSION:

As we know freshwater is a finite and limited resource on Earth and, increasingly is polluted, by both pathogenic microbes and chemical contaminants. Human demand for freshwater is increasing water is required to irrigate crops to feed the rapidly expanding human population. Our main focus during this work is to identify impurities present in Govind Sagar Lake in terms of Analytical Chemistry which include Limit Tests of Heavy metals. After the completion of the work, it was found that use of water of these resources contains heavy metals like Iron, Sulphur, Chloride.

Due to change in environmental conditions or other pollutants like industrial wastes, air pollutants it is found that Govind Sagar lake is get affected and the water of the lake is not be good for health and due to this research we conclude that Govind Sagar lake contains Iron in high amount and other metals like Chlorides and Sulphates are present within the limits.

REFERENCE:

1. Popkin BM, D'Anci KE, Rosenberg IH. Water, hydration, and health. Nutrition Reviews. 2010 Aug 1; 68(8):439-58.

2. Jéquier E, Constant F. Water as an essential nutrient: the physiological basis of hydration. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2010 Feb; 64(2):115-23.

3. Joseph L, Jun BM, Flora JR, Park CM, Yoon Y. Removal of heavy metals from water sources in the developing world using low-cost materials: A review. Chemosphere. 2019 Aug 1; 229:142-59.

4. Zamora-Ledezma C, Negrete-Bolagay D, Figueroa F, Zamora-Ledezma E, Ni M, Alexis F, Guerrero VH. Heavy metal water pollution: A fresh look about hazards, novel and conventional remediation methods. Environmental Technology & Innovation. 2021 May 1; 22:101504.

5. Mohod CV, Dhote J. Review of heavy metals in drinking water and their effect on human health. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2013 Jul; 2(7):2992-6.

6. Sharma V, Walia YK. Analysis of water quality using physico-chemical parameters of Govind Sagar Lake HP (INDIA). Asian J. of Adv. Basic Sci. 2014; 2(3):83-91

7. Verma R, Dwivedi P. Heavy metal water pollution-A case study. Recent Research in Science and Technology. 2013 Jul 27; 5(5).

8. Duan C, Ma T, Wang J, Zhou Y. Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution using carbon-based adsorbents: A review. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2020 Oct 1; 37:101339.

9. Ahmed H, Ehtesham M, Rasheed N, Mohammad AS. Pharmaceutical importance and significance of limit tests. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2017; 7(1): 30-4.

10. Sankhla MS, Kumari M, Nandan M, Kumar R, Agrawal P. Heavy metals contamination in water and their hazardous effect on human health-a review. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2016). 2016 Sep 22; 5(10):759-66.

11. Arulnanga R, Sihabudeen M. Mohamed Heavy Metal Analysis of Ground Water Pollution in And Around Senthurai Taluk at Ariyalur District, Tamilnadu Iaetsd Journal for Advanced Research in Applied Sciences Volume 5, Issue 3, Mar/2018 45-50.

12. Tokalioǧlu Ş, Kartal Ş, Elci L. Determination of heavy metals and their speciation in lake sediments by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after a four-stage sequential extraction procedure. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2000 May 18; 413(1-2): 33-40.

13. Chowdhury S, Mazumder MJ, Al-Attas O, Husain T. Heavy metals in drinking water: occurrences, implications, and future needs in developing countries. Science of the total Environment. 2016 Nov 1; 569:476-88.

14. Indian Pharmacopoeia 2018. Under the Ministry of health and Family welfare Ghaziabad Published by IPC Volume 1, Page No.138-141.

15. Rana S, Kumar P, Kumar S, A Practical Handbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry First Edition-2022 Page No.1-9.

16. Prakash S. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry-Volume I. S. Chand Publishing; 2000.Jolly-Modern Inorganic Chemistry

Received on 12.09.2023 Modified on 05.03.2024

Asian J. Pharm. Ana. 2024; 14(3):131-134.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5675.2024.00023